In the nineteenth century the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the British Empire turned the Thames into the commercial artery of England.The effects of the resulting smoke-generated fog, known as smog, challenged artists like James McNeill Whistler and Claude Monet to paint the river through a veil of light and mist.
Impressionist Claude Monet’s First Visit to London 1870-71
Monet first visited London in 1870 when he was avoiding conscription during the Franco-Prussian war. He was keen to examine the London cityscape and record all aspects of its explicit modernity. The Thames did not disappoint, and Monet painted two aspects of its contrasting nature:
His painting, The Thames at London,1871, shows the Pool of London with its variety of river traffic. In the main, this work represents the old London. London Bridge is in the distance with the Customs House and the spire of St Magnus the Martyr to the right. Beyond these is Cannon Street Station.:
The second work, The Thames Below Westminster,1871, shows a relatively modern London. The newly constructed Embankment leads towards the recently erected Houses of Parliament. The new Westminster Bridge spans the river and in the distant left is St Thomas’s Hospital, still incomplete.
Yet despite their differing aspects, both these paintings are linked by the way in which Monet uses colour to represent the misty and atmospheric conditions prevailing in both scenes.
Claude Monet’s Final Visits to London 1899-1901
On his return visits to London from 1899-1901 Monet began his major project, a series of works concentrating on the River Thames. His main concern now was to capture the fleeting effects of weather.
At this point Monet was no longer interested solely in representing the architectural symbols of London’s modernity. Sunlight, smog, the atmosphere that veiled the city's famous attributes – these were the impressions Monet wanted to capture. But he had to work fast.
To capture the effects of light, smog and mist Monet worked on many canvases simultaneously, leaving one and returning to another as circumstances varied. The atmosphere changed constantly, both enthralling and frustrating Monet.
Yet Monet was anxious to represent his own subjectivity of the unique images before him and this involved working laboriously on each canvas. Back in France, at his studio in Giverny, Monet continued working on his Thames paintings from memory.
Monet’s Three Groups of Thames Paintings
According to John House (1), there are three groups of paintings in Monet’s Thames series.
- In the morning, from his suite at the Savoy, Monet would paint the view eastwards over Waterloo Bridge.
- Midday would find him looking southward over Charing Cross Bridge.
- In the early evening he would move across the river to St Thomas’s Hospital from where he could paint the sun setting over the Houses of Parliament.
Whilst working on these groups, Monet faced into the sun which filtered through the London smog to produce transitory images of an unreal city. It is this image of elusive sunlight, at times scarcely visible yet ever present that unites the work.
Social Aspects of Monet’s Thames Series
Despite concern that his paintings should reflect only the instantaneous effects of mist, smog and sunlight, Monet admitted that there was something uniquely beautiful about London and he was anxious to retain the effects of a ‘London-like’ atmosphere.
Therefore, despite his efforts to avoid social pointers in his Thames series, Monet’s depiction of industrial smog and the veiling of the river and its surroundings might arguably be the very epitome of alienating modernity. The phrase "All that is solid melts into air" (2) could possibly describe Monet's work.
Additionally, a twenty-first century viewer may be struck by the conditions that inspired Monet’s paintings of the Thames, a situation unimaginable before the Industrial Revolution and made impossible now by the passing of the Clean Air Act in 1956. It would seem that despite his aesthetic aims, Monet's work may have social significance, even in retrospect.
Monet’s Thames series met with the approval of art-lovers who flocked to Paul Durand-Ruel’s gallery in Paris to view the tantalising, impressionistic results of the great artist’s London sojourn. He continues to enchant.
Sources:
- "Visions of the Thames" by John House in Monet's London: Artists' Reflections on the Thames 1859-1914 (Museum of Fine Arts, St Petersburg, Florida, 2005)
- The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (Penguin Classics, 2004)
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